"Pre, pro and postbiotics are immune-active ingredients that are present in breast milk. As gold standard for infant formula, biotics need to be added to infant formulae. Selected human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) added to infant nutrition have the potential to influence the gut microbiota favourably. HMOs may have prebiotic or postbiotic effects. Professor Mohamad Miqdady elaborates that the prebiotic mixture GOS/FOS (9:1) ratio plays a major role in gut health with proven evidence in preventing infections and allergy outcomes, this immunomodulation effect has long-lasting effects. Since prebiotics lack ""live"" components it has the advantage of being safe to be used in vulnerable individuals e.g. preterm, immune compromised infants"