Iron deficiency is a prevalent global health issue, affecting 1 in 3 individuals worldwide, with vulnerable populations including infants, children, adolescents, and pregnant women. The recommended iron intake varies by age and gender, with specific requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Causes of iron deficiency range from increased requirements during specific life stages to decreased absorption due to chronic diseases or parasitic infections. Iron deficiency can lead to various health complications, including anemia and impaired cognitive and physical development. Diagnosis requires laboratory testing, and treatment strategies include supplementation, dietary diversification, and fortification.

Iron supplementation has shown efficacy in reducing the risk of iron deficiency, but gastrointestinal side effects may hinder compliance. Dietary modifications focusing on iron-rich foods and absorption enhancers are essential. Food fortification, particularly in vulnerable groups, has proven effective in preventing iron deficiency. Incorporating pre- and probiotics alongside supplementation and fortification strategies can enhance iron absorption and mitigate detrimental effects on gut microbiota. Comprehensive approaches to iron deficiency management should integrate health education, nutritional interventions, and early-life prevention strategies. Providing fortified foods or supplements enriched with absorption-enhancing ingredients can be beneficial for managing iron deficiency effectively.