The Medidiet study is a Danone sponsored observational study towards maternal diet and human milk composition in 300 healthy Italian lactating women. In this publication the investigators assessed the role of the Mediterranean diet in modulating the fatty acid composition of human milk. The results show that high adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower levels of saturated FAs and higher levels of mono-unsaturated FAs, total n-3 poly-unsaturated FA, ALA, EPA, DHA, and DPA in human milk. Hence, the Mediterranean diet may contribute to a human milk composition with higher amounts of specific FAs which are directly involved in infant's neural and visual development.