The microbiome is a key regulator of neurodevelopment and behavior. Factors that influence the microbiome in early life can alter microbiome to brain signaling, as explained by professor John Cryan. The mode of delivery is a key modifier of microbiome composition and C-section leads to enduring neurobehavioral changes in animal models. Ongoing efforts are focused on nutritional supports to counter the effects of such early life microbiota changes.